Comparing Seaweed Cultivation Methods (Longline, Raft, Offshore, and Land-Based Systems): A Systematic Review of Productivity, Cost Efficiency, and Environmental Risks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52046/agrikan.v18i2.2732Keywords:
Seaweed Aquaculture, Cultivation Methods, Longline Systems, Raft Systems, Offshore FarmingAbstract
Seaweed aquaculture is expanding rapidly as a source of food, hydrocolloids, biomaterials, and ecosystem services, yet its sustainability depends strongly on the cultivation technologies employed. This systematic literature review synthesizes and compares evidence on four major seaweed cultivation methods longline, offshore, and land-based systems using three decision-relevant dimensions: productivity, cost efficiency, and environmental risk. Following PRISMA-guided procedures, studies were systematically identified, screened, and synthesized from major scientific databases. The review reveals that no single cultivation method consistently outperforms others across all dimensions. Land-based and integrated systems demonstrate high and stable productivity and strong nutrient-mitigation potential but incur higher capital and operational costs, often driven by energy and infrastructure requirements. Nearshore longline and raft systems offer lower entry barriers and favorable economic performance under supportive policy and labor conditions, yet face substantial variability in productivity due to seasonality, biofouling, disease, and spatial conflicts. Offshore systems enable spatial expansion and exposure-driven growth potential, but current evidence emphasizes engineering survivability over robust yield and cost benchmarks, while environmental benefits particularly related to carbon sequestration are highly context- and season-dependent. Across methods, the review identifies persistent challenges arising from inconsistent productivity metrics, heterogeneous techno-economic boundaries, and fragmented environmental-risk assessments, which limit cross-study comparability. To address this gap, the review proposes an integrated, decision-oriented synthesis that maps trade-offs among yield, cost, and risk and highlights context-specific “best-fit” applications rather than universal rankings. The findings provide actionable insights for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers seeking to align seaweed aquaculture development with economic viability and environmental sustainability.
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