Feed Efficiency of Growth Performance of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Fed Diets Supplemented with Bioactive Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52046/agrikan.v19i1.2737Keywords:
Piper betle, Herbal Feed , Additive, Feed Efficiency, Growth PerformanceAbstract
Vanamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are a major global aquaculture commodity that requires improved feed efficiency and disease resistance to ensure the sustainability of aquaculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing feed with bioactive extract from betel leaf (Piper betle L.) on growth performance, feed efficiency (Feed Conversion Ratio/FCR), and survival rate (SR) of vanamei shrimp. The study was conducted over 58 days using a completely randomized design with four extract dose treatments (0, 3.9, 7.8, and 15.6 mg/kg feed) and three replicates. Betel leaf extract was obtained through ethanol maceration and added to commercial feed. The parameters measured included absolute growth, specific growth rate (SGR), FCR, SR, and water quality. The results showed that supplementation at a dose of 7.8 mg/kg (5×MBC) significantly increased absolute growth (14.10 g) and SGR (1.82%/day) compared to the control (11.20 g and 1.54%/day). The FCR also improved to 1.32 from 1.62 in the control, indicating high feed efficiency. The highest survival rate of 92.3% was also achieved at this dose. The best performance at the moderate dose was attributed to the content of bioactive compounds such as eugenol and chavicol, which enhance digestive enzyme activity and suppress pathogenic bacteria. Higher dose increases did not provide significant additional effects. This study concludes that supplementation with bioactive betel leaf extract at the optimal dose has the potential to significantly improve feed efficiency and growth performance in vanamei shrimp, supporting more sustainable and environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.
References
Ali, I., Khan, F. G., Suri, K. A., Gupta, B. D., Satti, N. K., Dutt, P., Afrin, F., Qazi, G. N., & Khan, I. A. (2010). In vitro antifungal activity of hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 9, 7.
Avnimelech, Y. (2012). Biofloc technology: A practical guide book. World Aquaculture Society.
Boyd, C. E. (2015). Water quality: An introduction. Springer.
Cabello, F. C. (2006). Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: A growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental Microbiology, 8(7), 1137–1144.
Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: A new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture International, 18, 403–414.
FAO. (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022: Towards blue transformation. FAO.
Hai, N. V. (2015). The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 446, 88–96.
Hashemi, S. R., & Davoodi, H. (2011). Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition. Veterinary Research Communications, 35, 169–180.
Kumar, S., Raman, R. P., Pandey, P. K., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A., & Kumar, K. (2013). Effect of dietary supplementation of Piper nigrum on growth, immune response and disease resistance of fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34, 339–344.
Lightner, D. V. (2011). Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): A review. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 106, 110–130.
Platel, K., & Srinivasan, K. (2000). Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung, 44, 42–46.
Pradhan, D., Suri, K. A., Pradhan, D. K., & Biswasroy, P. (2013). Golden heart of the nature: Piper betle L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(6), 147–167.
Reverter, M., Bontemps, N., Lecchini, D., Banaigs, B., & Sasal, P. (2014). Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy. Aquaculture, 433, 50–61.
Romero, J., Feijoo, C. G., & Navarrete, P. (2012). Antibiotics in aquaculture: Use, abuse and alternatives. In E. D. Carvalho (Ed.), Health and environment in aquaculture (pp. 159–198). InTech.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Harlina Harlina, Andi Hamdillah, Rosmiati Rosmiati, Syahrul Syahrul, Fani Sukarto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
