Adaptive Responses of Seaweed Farmers to Seasonal Shifts
Species Diversification to Support Production and Income Sustainability in Takalar Regency
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52046/agrikan.v18i2.2655Keywords:
Seaweed, Season, Cultivator, Production, IncomeAbstract
This study aims to analyze the adaptive responses of farmers to seasonal shifts, focusing on seaweed diversification as a strategy for sustainable production and income. The study was conducted from July to October 2025 in Punaga Village, Laikang District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi. This study used a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive responses of farmers. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling with a total of 50 respondents. The data collected consisted of primary and secondary data. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis. The results showed that diversification from Kappaphycus alvarezii (cottoni) to Eucheuma denticulatum (spinosum) during the rainy season was the main adaptive strategy used by farmers. The implementation of the seaweed species diversification strategy by cultivating Eucheuma denticulatum (spinosum) from December to March brought about significant economic changes. Based on the calculations, spinosum generated revenue of IDR 5,878,000 per cycle, with operating costs of IDR 2,837,560, resulting in a net income of IDR 3,040,440 per cycle. Although the income per cycle is lower than that of cottoni (IDR 3,844,640 per cycle), this diversification provides three additional production cycles per year that did not exist before. This implies that farmers now have the opportunity to earn an additional income of around IDR 9,121,320 per year from spinosum cultivation, in addition to the income from cottoni cultivation, which continues during the dry season.
References
Adharini, R. I., Suyono, E. A., Setyawan, A. R., Suadi, S., & Jayanti, A. D. (2018). A comparison of nutritional values of Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum, and Kappaphycus spinosum from the farming sites in Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(1), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1540-0
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2023). Statistik Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia 2023. Jakarta: BPS. https://www.bps.go.id
Cinner, J. E., Adger, W. N., Allison, E. H., Barnes, M. L., Brown, K., Cohen, P. J., Morrison, T. H. (2018). Building adaptive capacity to climate change in tropical coastal communities. Nature Climate Change, 8(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0065-x
Diharmi, A., Heruwati, E. S., Fardiaz, D., & Andarwulan, N. (2017). Chemical and physical characteristics of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma spinosum harvested from three different Indonesian coastal sea regions. Phycological Research, 65(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12178
DKP Sulsel. (2023). Laporan Tahunan Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2023. Makassar: Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Sulawesi Selatan.
Dumilag, R. V., Crisostomo, B. A., Aguinaldo, Z.-Z. A., Hinaloc, L. A. R., Liao, L. M., Roa-Quiaoit, H. A., Dangan-Galon, F., Zuccarello, G. C., Guillemin, M.-L., Brodie, J., Cottier-Cook, E. J., & Roleda, M. Y. (2022). The Diversity of Eucheumatoid Seaweed Cultivars in the Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 31(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2022.2060038
Erlania, E., & Radiarta, I. N. (2014). Perbedaan Musim Tanam Terhadap Performa Budidaya Empat Varian Rumput Laut Eucheumatoids di Teluk Gerupuk, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 9(2), 331. https://doi.org/10.15578/jra.9.2.2014.331-342
FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022: Towards Blue Transformation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/publications
FAO. (2023). FAO Yearbook: Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2021. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Farnani, Y., Cokrowati, N., & Farida, N. (2011). Pengaruh Kedalaman Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Eucheuma spinosum Pada Budidaya dengan Metode Rawai. Jurnal Kelautan Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 4(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.21107/jk.v4i2.884
Tahang, H., & Latama, G. (2019). Development strategy and increased production of seaweed in Takalar District. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 370, No. 1, p. 012058). IOP Publishing.
Hatten, T. S. (2012). Small Business Management: Entrepreneurship and Beyond. Cengage Learning.
Hayashi, L., Nunes, B. G., Fonseca, A. L. D., Barreto, P. L. M., Faria, G. S. M., Santos, A. A., Bouzon, Z. L., Oliveira, E. C., & Souza, M. S. (2010). Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) cultivated in subtropical waters in Southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9543-5
Hossain, M., et al. (2020). Economic and environmental benefits of seaweed farming in coastal communities. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 1123–1132.
ILO. (2020). Youth in aquaculture and fisheries: prospects and challenges. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org
Kasri, K. (2022). Seaweed-Based Local Economic Development in Takalar District. PONGGAWA: Journal of Fisheries Socio-Economic, 55-64.
KKP. (2022). Statistik Kelautan dan Perikanan 2022. Jakarta: Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia.
Kumar, R., Trivedi, K., Ghosh, A., & Anand, K. G. V. (2019). Science behind biostimulant action of seaweed extract on growth and crop yield: insights into transcriptional changes in roots of maize treated with Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract under soil moisture stressed conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(1), 599–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01938-y
Kumar, Y. N., Poong, S.-W., Gachon, C., Brodie, J., Sade, A., & Lim, P.-E. (2020). Impact of elevated temperature on the physiological and biochemical responses of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta). PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239097
Largo, D. B., Phang, S.-M., Sondak, C. F. A., Gerung, G. S., & Chung, I. K. (2017). Impacts of Climate change on Eucheuma-Kappaphycus Farming (pp. 121–129). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63498-2_7
Mantri, V. A., Shanmugam, M., Reddy, C. R. K., Ganesan, M., Veeragurunathan, V., Eswaran, K., Thiruppathi, S., & Seth, A. (2016). An appraisal on commercial farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India: success in diversification of livelihood and prospects. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(1), 335–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0948-7
Martín-Del-Campo, A., Macías-Rodríguez, M. E., Fermín-Jiménez, J. A., Estrada-Girón, Y., Fernández-Escamilla, V. V., & Escalante-García, Z. Y. (2021). Improved extraction of carrageenan from red seaweed (Chondracantus canaliculatus) using ultrasound-assisted methods and evaluation of the yield, physicochemical properties and functional groups. Food Science and Biotechnology, 30(7), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-021-00935-7
Neilson, J., & Wright, J. (2017). The state and food security discourses of Indonesia: feeding the bangsa. Geographical Research, 55(2), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12210
Patawari, A., & Suarsana, I. (2019). Peningkatan Ekonomi Petani Rumput Laut Di Desa Tamuku Kecamatan Bone-Bone Kabupaten Luwu Utara. 7(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.30605/perbal.v7i2.1379
Purwanto, A., & Taftazani, B. M. (2018). Pengaruh jumlah tanggungan terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan ekonomi keluarga pekerja K3L Universitas Padjadjaran. Focus: Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 1(2). Tersedia secara daring di: https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/focus/article/view/18255
Rahayu, E. (2020). Analisis Pengalaman Kerja dan Adopsi Teknologi pada Petani Tambak Garam. Jurnal Bisnis dan Dinamika, 15(2), 45–58. Tersedia secara daring di: https://ejurnal.itbm.ac.id/jbd/article/download/42/91
Rimmer, M. A., Paul, N. A., Purnomo, A. H., Lapong, I., Pong-Masak, P. R., Larson, S., & Swanepoel, L. (2021). Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing. Sustainability, 13(19), 10946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946
Rivai, A., Syam, H., Rauf, R., & Jamaluddin, J. (2021). Pengaruh Umur Panen terhadap Produksi Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii di Kabupaten Takalar saat Musim Timur. 6(2), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.26858/jptp.v6i2.14757
Sangkia, F. D. (2020). Laju Pertumbuhan Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) dengan Menggunakan Bibit pada Lokasi yang Berbeda. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/v59pt
Scarborough, N. M., & Zimmerer, T. W. (2006). Effective Small Business Management. Pearson.
Syarif, A., Sartika, D., & Arwati, S. (2024). Peran Modal Sosial terhadap Keberlanjutan Pembudidayaan Rumput Laut Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim. Journal Galung Tropika, 13(3), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v13i3.1242
Tahang, H., Latama, G., & Kasri, K. (2019). Development strategy and increased production of seaweed in Takalar District. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 370(1), 012058. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/370/1/012058
Tahi̇luddi̇n, A., & Terzi̇, E. (2021). Ice-Ice Disease in Commercially Cultivated Seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A Review on the Causes, Occurrence, and Control Measures. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(3), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.917788
Trivedi, K., Vijay Anand, K. G., Ghosh, A., Kubavat, D., Vaghela, P., & Kumar, R. (2017). Crop stage selection is vital to elicit optimal response of maize to seaweed bio-stimulant application. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(4), 2135–2144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1118-2
Valderrama, D., Cai, J., Hishamunda, N., Ridler, N., Neish, I. C., Hurtado, A. Q., Msuya, F. E., Krishnan, M., Narayanakumar, R., Kronen, M., Robledo, D., Gasca-Leyva, E., & Fraga, J. (2015). The Economics of Kappaphycus Seaweed Cultivation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Farming Systems. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 19(2), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2015.1024348 Adharini, R. I., Suyono, E. A., Setyawan, A. R., Suadi, S., & Jayanti, A. D. (2018). A comparison of nutritional values of Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum, and Kappaphycus spinosum from the farming sites in Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(1), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1540-0
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2023). Statistik Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia 2023. Jakarta: BPS. https://www.bps.go.id
Cinner, J. E., Adger, W. N., Allison, E. H., Barnes, M. L., Brown, K., Cohen, P. J., Morrison, T. H. (2018). Building adaptive capacity to climate change in tropical coastal communities. Nature Climate Change, 8(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0065-x
Diharmi, A., Heruwati, E. S., Fardiaz, D., & Andarwulan, N. (2017). Chemical and physical characteristics of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma spinosum harvested from three different Indonesian coastal sea regions. Phycological Research, 65(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12178
DKP Sulsel. (2023). Laporan Tahunan Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2023. Makassar: Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Sulawesi Selatan.
Dumilag, R. V., Crisostomo, B. A., Aguinaldo, Z.-Z. A., Hinaloc, L. A. R., Liao, L. M., Roa-Quiaoit, H. A., Dangan-Galon, F., Zuccarello, G. C., Guillemin, M.-L., Brodie, J., Cottier-Cook, E. J., & Roleda, M. Y. (2022). The Diversity of Eucheumatoid Seaweed Cultivars in the Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 31(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2022.2060038
Erlania, E., & Radiarta, I. N. (2014). Perbedaan Musim Tanam Terhadap Performa Budidaya Empat Varian Rumput Laut Eucheumatoids di Teluk Gerupuk, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 9(2), 331. https://doi.org/10.15578/jra.9.2.2014.331-342
FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022: Towards Blue Transformation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/publications
FAO. (2023). FAO Yearbook: Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2021. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Farnani, Y., Cokrowati, N., & Farida, N. (2011). Pengaruh Kedalaman Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Eucheuma spinosum Pada Budidaya dengan Metode Rawai. Jurnal Kelautan Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 4(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.21107/jk.v4i2.884
Hatten, T. S. (2012). Small Business Management: Entrepreneurship and Beyond. Cengage Learning.
Hayashi, L., Nunes, B. G., Fonseca, A. L. D., Barreto, P. L. M., Faria, G. S. M., Santos, A. A., Bouzon, Z. L., Oliveira, E. C., & Souza, M. S. (2010). Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) cultivated in subtropical waters in Southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9543-5
Hossain, M., et al. (2020). Economic and environmental benefits of seaweed farming in coastal communities. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 1123–1132.
ILO. (2020). Youth in aquaculture and fisheries: prospects and challenges. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org
KKP. (2022). Statistik Kelautan dan Perikanan 2022. Jakarta: Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia.
Kumar, R., Trivedi, K., Ghosh, A., & Anand, K. G. V. (2019). Science behind biostimulant action of seaweed extract on growth and crop yield: insights into transcriptional changes in roots of maize treated with Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract under soil moisture stressed conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(1), 599–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01938-y
Kumar, Y. N., Poong, S.-W., Gachon, C., Brodie, J., Sade, A., & Lim, P.-E. (2020). Impact of elevated temperature on the physiological and biochemical responses of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta). PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239097
Largo, D. B., Phang, S.-M., Sondak, C. F. A., Gerung, G. S., & Chung, I. K. (2017). Impacts of Climate change on Eucheuma-Kappaphycus Farming (pp. 121–129). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63498-2_7
Mantri, V. A., Shanmugam, M., Reddy, C. R. K., Ganesan, M., Veeragurunathan, V., Eswaran, K., Thiruppathi, S., & Seth, A. (2016). An appraisal on commercial farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India: success in diversification of livelihood and prospects. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(1), 335–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0948-7
Martín-Del-Campo, A., Macías-Rodríguez, M. E., Fermín-Jiménez, J. A., Estrada-Girón, Y., Fernández-Escamilla, V. V., & Escalante-García, Z. Y. (2021). Improved extraction of carrageenan from red seaweed (Chondracantus canaliculatus) using ultrasound-assisted methods and evaluation of the yield, physicochemical properties and functional groups. Food Science and Biotechnology, 30(7), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-021-00935-7
Neilson, J., & Wright, J. (2017). The state and food security discourses of Indonesia: feeding the bangsa. Geographical Research, 55(2), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12210
Patawari, A., & Suarsana, I. (2019). Peningkatan Ekonomi Petani Rumput Laut Di Desa Tamuku Kecamatan Bone-Bone Kabupaten Luwu Utara. 7(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.30605/perbal.v7i2.1379
Purwanto, A., & Taftazani, B. M. (2018). Pengaruh jumlah tanggungan terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan ekonomi keluarga pekerja K3L Universitas Padjadjaran. Focus: Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 1(2). Tersedia secara daring di: https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/focus/article/view/18255
Rahayu, E. (2020). Analisis Pengalaman Kerja dan Adopsi Teknologi pada Petani Tambak Garam. Jurnal Bisnis dan Dinamika, 15(2), 45–58. Tersedia secara daring di: https://ejurnal.itbm.ac.id/jbd/article/download/42/91
Rimmer, M. A., Paul, N. A., Purnomo, A. H., Lapong, I., Pong-Masak, P. R., Larson, S., & Swanepoel, L. (2021). Seaweed Aquaculture in Indonesia Contributes to Social and Economic Aspects of Livelihoods and Community Wellbeing. Sustainability, 13(19), 10946. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910946
Rivai, A., Syam, H., Rauf, R., & Jamaluddin, J. (2021). Pengaruh Umur Panen terhadap Produksi Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii di Kabupaten Takalar saat Musim Timur. 6(2), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.26858/jptp.v6i2.14757
Sangkia, F. D. (2020). Laju Pertumbuhan Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) dengan Menggunakan Bibit pada Lokasi yang Berbeda. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/v59pt
Scarborough, N. M., & Zimmerer, T. W. (2006). Effective Small Business Management. Pearson.
Syarif, A., Sartika, D., & Arwati, S. (2024). Peran Modal Sosial terhadap Keberlanjutan Pembudidayaan Rumput Laut Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim. Journal Galung Tropika, 13(3), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v13i3.1242
Tahang, H., Latama, G., & Kasri, K. (2019). Development strategy and increased production of seaweed in Takalar District. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 370(1), 012058.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/370/1/012058
Tahi̇luddi̇n, A., & Terzi̇, E. (2021). Ice-Ice Disease in Commercially Cultivated Seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A Review on the Causes, Occurrence, and Control Measures. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(3), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.917788
Trivedi, K., Vijay Anand, K. G., Ghosh, A., Kubavat, D., Vaghela, P., & Kumar, R. (2017). Crop stage selection is vital to elicit optimal response of maize to seaweed bio-stimulant application. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(4), 2135–2144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1118-2
Valderrama, D., Cai, J., Hishamunda, N., Ridler, N., Neish, I. C., Hurtado, A. Q., Msuya, F. E., Krishnan, M., Narayanakumar, R., Kronen, M., Robledo, D., Gasca-Leyva, E., & Fraga, J. (2015). The Economics of Kappaphycus Seaweed Cultivation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Farming Systems. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 19(2), 251–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2015.1024348.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kasri Kasri, Aris Baso , M. Irham Ilyas, Ahmad Faizal , Hamzah Tahang, Amiluddin Amiluddin, Ely Sarah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
